ANT 316H5 F - SOUTH ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY

Fall 2006, Anthropology, UTM

 

Course Web Page:  http://www.utm.utoronto.ca/~w3hmlmil/316F2006.htm

Course Blackboard Site:  http://portal.utoronto.ca/  (you will need a UTORid!)

 

Lecture:  Tuesdays 10:00-12:00, Room 172 North Building

 

Dr. Heather M.-L. Miller

Office:  208 North Building                                      Email:  hmiller 'at' utm.utoronto.ca

Phone:  905 828-3741                                                 Office Hour :  Tuesday 12-1, 2-3, and

by appointment

 

Matthew Mosher (Teaching Assistant):   Email:  matthew.mosher 'at' utoronto.ca

 

Course Description

This is an exciting time to study South Asian archaeology, given the wealth of new material available.  We will survey the archaeology of prehistoric and historic South Asia using a comparative framework to examine classic examples of hunter-gatherer groups, early villages, urban settlements, regional polities, and large empires.  The study of ancient South Asia also offers opportunities to look at political, social, ritual and economic approaches quite different from those employed in other regions.  South Asia is particularly interesting as a cross-roads location, a place where various cultural traditions met, and became something new.

We will move chronologically through South Asian prehistory and history, from the Palaeolithic to the late Medieval period.  However, an important theme in South Asia is the contemporaneity of groups of people with very different lifestyles -- hunter-gatherers participated in trading networks with town and city dwellers, pastoral nomads moved through settled village regions during their annual migrations.  There is not a one-way "progression" from hunting to urbanization, for any time period or region.

The politicization of South Asian prehistory and history has been extremely important both in interpretations of the past and in modern political events.  Cases such as the debate over the identity of the Harappans and the existence of the Aryans will be evaluated from both an archaeological and a political perspective.

 

Required Course Materials 

No current textbook exists for South Asian archaeology, especially not for the range of time we will cover.  All assigned materials are available through links on the course Blackboard website.  It is recommended that you download all of the PDF files onto a flash/datakey or CDs while you are on campus, since the files are large.  You will need to have a copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader to open any PDF files; Reader is available FREE for downloading at http://www.adobe.com . 

The majority of the readings assigned for this class are written by North American archaeologists, as they do not expect their readers to have much background on the archaeology, history, and culture of South Asia.  This is not representative of the field; the vast majority of archaeologists working in South Asia are South Asian, as you will discover when looking for materials for your projects.  Some additional materials for your projects are on reserve at the UTM Library.  You will also have to consult a number of difficult-to-access, print-only sources during your research for this class.  You will have to go downtown to Robarts library, and possibly to the ROM libraries.  If you are having difficulties finding particular sources, please check with me (after you have searched the library, but before you try Inter-Library loan), as I may have the source in my private library.

 

Evaluation

The marked work for this course will consist of

(1) two non-cumulative tests, worth 25% each for a total of 50%;

(2) weekly quizzes on the readings, worth 10% total;

(3) a web-page poster project, graded in several stages, worth a total of 40%.

 

Due to the lack of a textbook, and the rapidly occurring changes in South Asian archaeology, material from lectures will provide the majority of information for this class; if you miss class, be sure to get notes from at least one person.  If you are a poor note-taker, bring a tape-recorder, and I recommend that you contact the Academic Skills Centre for help with note-taking.  This is an important part of your education, learning how to organize and record orally-presented material.

 

TESTS (25% each, 50% total)

The tests will include short answer and essay questions.  The questions will focus on your ability to summarize and analyze material about major issues, not on simple memorization (I assume you are able to do that by the third year).

 

QUIZZES ON READINGS  (10% total)

Every week you will have a quiz at the beginning of class composed of true/false questions designed to reward those who do the readings assigned for that week.  The quizzes will test major points in the assigned reading (such as the topics referenced in the introductions, headings and conclusion), not minor details.  

 

WEB-PAGE POSTER (40% total)

Posters, web pages, and other sorts of mixed visual and textual information displays are increasingly important in both academics and the business world.  In this class, we will teach you how to convey information as succinctly and powerfully as possible using text and simple images.  You will also learn how easy it is to make a simple web page.  The focus of this exercise is on content, although presentation is also important. 

 

There will be three stages of marked work for this web-page poster assignment: 

(1) submission of a short topic statement (about 1 page, typed, 12 point font) plus an initial bibliography (at least 3 specific sources on your topic):  5% of total mark;

(2) submission of a printout of the rough draft of your poster, with full content, bibliography, and at least notes about the images, for student and professor critique:  10% of total mark;

(3) submission of final webpage poster, through the Blackboard website or on a CD: 25% of final mark.

You are encouraged to help each other look for sources, and critique each other's posters, but the content must be written independently by each student.  See the Web-Page Poster handout for more information.

 

 

Regulations for ANT316 Marked Work

 

 

1. WEEKLY QUIZZES:  No make-ups on quizzes will be allowed, under ANY circumstances.  Also, if you are late to class, you may not take the quiz, which will be given at the beginning of the class.  I will drop the two lowest of these marks for every student, so missing a class due to illness will not affect your final participation mark.

 

2. MISSED EXAMS:  Avoid missing exams;  the procedure for taking a make-up exam is strictly regulated by the university, and these policies will be followed in all cases.  See the procedure in the UTM Calendar under "General Regulations:  Term Tests".  I must have a doctor's note or similar documentation in order to schedule a make-up exam.  All make-up exams will be taken at the same time, 1 week after the missed exam.  Make-ups for the second exam MUST be taken before Dec. 10.  Note that make-up exams will be entirely essay format. 

 

3. Late assignments will have 20% of the total possible marks for that assignment deducted per calendar day late, including weekend days.  10% will be deducted for assignments turned in after the first half-hour of class on the date due.  It is your responsibility to turn in late assignments to the instructor, at my convenience.  You may NOT submit assignments by email.  Only the usual documented excuses (doctor's note, etc.) will be accepted to avoid late penalties. 

 

4. When you hand in your assignments of any kind, you must sign the submission form.  DO NOT submit your assignment to the secretary nor to anyone else in the Department of Anthropology. DO NOT slide your assignment under the instructor's office door.  The assignment has not been officially submitted until you sign the submission form.  You are also advised to make a copy of your assignments for yourself before submitting them.

 

5. You may work with other students in preparing for assignments, but what you submit must be your own work.   You are encouraged to discuss questions together, or share source materials, or recommend readings and web sites.   However, I will expect everyone in the class to have a different write-up; be especially careful to work ALONE on your final write-up. 

 

6. Please be especially careful to avoid plagiarism, which is a serious academic offence. Assignments in which plagiarism is detected will be severely penalized. For more details, see "Academic Honesty" under "General Regulations" and the "Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters" in the UTM Calendar.  It is your responsibility to be familiar with this code, and adhere to it.  Be sure to read the information on plagiarism at http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/plagsep.html

 

 

 

Course Schedule

       (Full references for the Readings are provided below the schedule.)

 

DATE

TOPIC for CLASS   &   

ASSIGNMENTS DUE

READING to be COMPLETED

(in the order listed)

Sept 12

Introduction to Course

Introduction to Blackboard by  Rochelle Mazar (UTM library)

Lecture on Geography & Chronology

--

Sept 19

Geography & Chronology completed

Archaeology, Heritage, and Politics in South Asia

Gray, Romey, Shaw (2000), Pappu, Lahiri, Smith (2000), Silva

Sept 26

Meet with Instructor this week to discuss topic

Palaeolithic Traditions

Long-term Hunting & Gathering Traditions

Kenoyer (nd), Paddayya, Possehl & Rissman, Biagi (Harappa website), Morrison (1999), Morrison (2002)

Oct. 3

Food-Producing (Neolithic) Traditions, including:

    Indus Tradition:  Food-Producing Era

    Southern Neolithic

Kenoyer (nd), Shaffer (1992), Meadow, Possehl & Rissman, Reddy, Lukacs

Oct 10

Topic Statement & References Due

Indus Tradition:

    Regionalization Era

    Integration Era (Indus Civilization)

Kenoyer (nd), Shaffer (1992), Kenoyer (1998), Shaffer & Lichtenstein, Kenoyer (Harappa website)

Oct 17

    Integration Era (Indus Civilization) continued

Contemporaneous Groups

Possehl (2002), Vidale & Miller, Smith (2006), Jansen;  Kenoyer (nd), Franke-Vogt (Harappa website), Possehl & Shinde (UPenn website)

Oct 24

Exam 1

 

 

Oct. 31

Indus Tradition:  Localization Era

Questions of Decline and Migration

Other Chalcolithic Traditions

Vedic/Iron Age Polities;  Megaliths

Kenoyer (nd), Shaffer (1992), Possehl (2002), Erdosy, Kennedy

 

Nov 7

Draft of Poster Due

Second Integration Era (Late Iron Age/Early Historic):  Gangetic Valley Urbanization;

    Buddhism & Long-distance Trade;

    Mauryan Empire

Kenoyer (nd), Smith (2006), Allchin extracts, Khandwalla, Barnes, Shaw (2000 Ð Sanchi)

Nov 14

Late Iron Age/Early Historic continued  (3rd c BCE-7/8th c CE):  Contacts with West and East Ð Traders, Invaders, Pilgrims;     Gupta Empire

Kenoyer (nd), Allchin extract, Stein extract, Abraham

Nov

Early Medieval Period (7-13th c CE):

    Regionalization & Urbanization;

    Joining the Islamic World

Stein extract, Whitfield, Wink, Smith (2006), Mate

Nov 28

Final Web Page Poster due

Empires of Medieval South Asia (13-18th c CE):

    The Deccani Sultanates & Vijayanagara;

    Mughals

    Successor States & Europeans

Sinopoli & Morrison, Sinopoli, Habib, Lewis & Patil

Dec 5

Exam 2 

 

 

 

 

 

Readings:   (Available on the Blackboard course site.)

 

Sept. 12:  No required reading.

 

Look over background reading in chronology (will be assigned throughout class): Kenoyer, J. M.  nd ("no date" - manuscript in preparation).  Chapter 2.  Historical Overview.  In Ancient South Asia, by J. M. Kenoyer, pp. 1-50.  Facts on File. 

 

 

Sept. 19:  Archaeology, Heritage & Politics in South Asia

 

(1) Gray, Jonathan.  Downloaded Aug. 9, 2004, no date of posting.  Ancient City Found, Irradiated from Atomic Blast.  Website: http://www.archaeologyanswers.com/indusa.htm

 

(2) Romey, Kristin M.  2004.  Flashpoint Ayodha.  Did Hindu hard-liners recruit archaeologists to rewrite history?  Archaeology 57(4):48-55.  

 

(3) Shaw, Julia.  2000.  Ayodhya's sacred landscape:  ritual memory, politics and archaeology "fact".  Antiquity  74(285):693-700

 

(4) Pappu, Shanti.  2000.  Archaeology in Schools: An Indian Example.  Antiquity 74(285):485-486 

 

(5) Lahiri, Nayanjot. 2000.  Archaeology and Identity in Colonial India.  Antiquity  74(285):687-692

 

(6) Smith, Monica L.  2000.  Bangladesh: Building national identity through archaeology.  Antiquity 74(285):701-706.

 

(7) Silva, Roland.  1989.  The Cultural Triangle of Sri Lanka.  In Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World, edited by Henry Cleere, pp. 221-226.  Unwin Hyman, London.

 

 

Sept. 26:  Palaeolithic Traditions;  Long-term Hunting & Gathering Traditions

 

(1) Kenoyer, J. M.  nd.  Ancient South Asia manuscript, pp. 1-12, 16 (forging), 20 (foraging), 29, 31, 33, 36-37 

 

(2) Paddayya, K., Richa Jhaldiyal & Michael D. Petraglia.  2000.  Excavation of an Acheulian workshop at Isampur, Karnataka (India).  Antiquity 74(286):751-752.

 

(3) Possehl, Gregory L. & Paul C. Rissman.  1992.  The Chronology of Prehistoric India:  From Earliest Times to the Iron Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edition, edited by R. W. Ehrich,  Vol. I pp. 465-479 & Vol. II p. 447-452 (maps).  U. of Chicago Press, Chicago.  (EXTRACT -- Microlithic:  pp. 465-470, p. 476, Fig. 1-6;   complete version with bibliography is on reserve)  

 

(4) (WEBSITE)   Biagi, Paulo.  1997.  The Rohri Flint Quarries. http://www.harappa.com/rohri/index.html  Be sure to read all 3 pages of the essay and look at all 30 slides.

 

(5) Morrison, Kathleen.  1999. Archaeology of South Asian hunters and gatherers.  In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, edited by Richard B. Lee and Richard Daly, pp. 238-242. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

 

(6) Morrison, Kathleen.  2002.  Introduction to Part I. South Asia.  In Forager-Traders in South and South-east Asia. Long Term Histories, edited by K. D. Morrison and Laura L. Junker, pp. 21-40.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

 

 

Oct. 3:  Food-Producing (Neolithic) Traditions, including  Indus Tradition: Food-Producing Era  and  Southern Neolithic

 

(1) Kenoyer, J. M.  nd.  Ancient South Asia manuscript, pp. 3, 12-17, 20-21, 30, 31, 33-34.

 

(2) Shaffer, J. G.  1992.  The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and  Helmand Traditions: Neolithic through Bronze Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edition, edited by R. W. Ehrich,  Vol. I pp. 441-452 & Vol. II p. 425 (map).  U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. (EXTRACT -- Read only pp. 441-444, Fig. 1-2;  complete version with bibliography is on reserve)

 

(3) Meadow, Richard H.  1996.  The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in South Asia.  In The origins and spread of agriculture and pastoralism in Eurasia, edited by D. R. Harris, pp. 390-412.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 

 

(4) Possehl, Gregory L. & Paul C. Rissman.  1992.  The Chronology of Prehistoric India:  From Earliest Times to the Iron Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edition, edited by R. W. Ehrich,  Vol. I pp. 465-479 & Vol. II p. 447-452 (maps).  U. of Chicago Press, Chicago.  (EXTRACT -- Southern Neolithic: pp. 488-490, Fig. 13;   complete version with bibliography is on reserve)  

 

(5) Reddy, Seetha N.  1997.  If the Threshing Floor Could Talk: Integration of Agriculture and Pastoralism during the Late Harappan in Gujarat, India. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 16(2): 162-187.

 

(6) Lukacs, John R.  1996.  Sex Differences in Dental Caries Rates with the Origin of Agriculture in South Asia.  Current Anthropology 37(1):147-153.

 

 

Oct. 10:  Indus Tradition: Regionalization Era & Integration Era (Indus Civilization)

 

(1) Kenoyer, J. M.  nd.  Ancient South Asia manuscript, pp. 3-4, 16-18, 21-22.

 

(2) Shaffer, J. G.  1992.  The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and  Helmand Traditions: Neolithic through Bronze Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edition, edited by R. W. Ehrich,  Vol. I pp. 441-452 & Vol. II p. 425 (map).  U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. (EXTRACT -- Read only pp. 444-450 -- IN OCT. 3 FOLDER;  complete version with bibliography is on reserve)

 

(3) Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark.  1998.  Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.   Oxford Univ. Press, Karachi.  (EXTRACT--  Ch. 2.  Origins of Urban Society, pp. 33-47.  Complete volume is on reserve.)

 

(4) Shaffer, Jim G. & Diane A. Lichtenstein.  1989.  Ethnicity and Change in the Indus Valley Cultural Tradition.  In Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia, edited by J. M. Kenoyer, pp. 117-126.  Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.

 

(5) (WEBSITE) Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark.  1996.  Around the Indus in 90 Slides. http://www.harappa.com/indus/indus0.html  and choose 'essay'. Read all 7 sections of the essay, using the 'text only' version if you get lost:  http://www.harappa.com/indus/industext.html     (note the link to a detailed bibliography at the end of the text version).

 

 

Oct. 17: Indus Tradition: Integration Era continued; Contemporaneous Groups

 

Indus Tradition: Integration Era continued

(1) Possehl, Gregory L.  2002.  The Indus Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective.  AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD  and  Vistaar Publications, New Delhi.  (EXTRACT -- "The Indus Civilization: An Overview," pp. 247-251. Complete volume is on reserve.) 

 

(2) Vidale, Massimo & Heather M.-L. Miller.  2000.  On the Development of Indus Technological Virtuosity and Its Relation to Social Structure.  In South Asian Archaeology 1997, edited by M. Taddei & G. De Marco, pp. 115-132.  Istituto Italiano per L'Africa e L'Oriente, Rome. 

 

(3) Smith, Monica.  2006.  The archaeology of South Asian cities.  Journal of Archaeological Research 14(2):97-142.   Read only pp. 97-116 for today;  the rest will be assigned for later classes.

 

Contemporaneous groups:

(4) Kenoyer, J. M.  nd. Ancient South Asia manuscript, pp. 30 (Ganga-Vindhya Regionalization Era), 31-32 (Malwa-Rajasthan Regionalization Era).

 

(5) (WEBSITE)  Franke-Vogt, Ute.  2000.  Balochistan Archaeology.  http://www.harappa.com/baluch/index.html  then choose 'essay' and read essays 1, 2, and 6 (on the Kulli period), and look at the associated slides.  If you get lost, try looking at the print version (http://www.harappa.com/baluch/print.html).

 

(6) (WEBSITE)  Possehl, Gregory L. & Vasant Shinde (& staff writer?).  Posted June 3, 2003  Cache of seal impressions discovered in Western India offers surprising new evidence for cultural complexity in little-known Ahar-Banas Culture, circa 3000-1500 B.C.  University of Pennsylvania Museum:  Worldwide Research:  Expeditions, Research, & Discoveries:  Asia.  Website: http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/research/possehl/ahar-banas.shtml

 

Oct. 24:  Study for Exam

 

Oct. 31: Indus Tradition:  Localization Era;  Questions of Decline and Migration; 

     Other Chalcolithic Traditions; Vedic/Iron Age Polities;  Megaliths

 

(1) Kenoyer, J. M.  nd.  Ancient South Asia manuscript, pp. 19 and 22 first for Indus Localization, then pp. 37-39 (Regionalization) for Vedic polities of Gangetic plain, and finally pp. 3 (Megalithic), 14-15 (Megalithic), 34 (Regionalization) 

 

(2) Shaffer, J. G.  1992.  The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and  Helmand Traditions: Neolithic through Bronze Age. In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edition, edited by R. W. Ehrich,  Vol. I pp. 441-452 & Vol. II p. 425 (map).  U. of Chicago Press, Chicago. (EXTRACT -- Read only pp. 450-452 -- IN OCT. 3 FOLDER;  complete version with bibliography is on reserve)

 

(3) Possehl, Gregory L.  2002.  The Indus Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective.  AltaMira Press, Lanham, MD  and  Vistaar Publications, New Delhi.  (EXTRACT -- "The Transformation of the Indus Civilization," pp. 237-245. Complete volume is on reserve.)

 

(4) Erdosy, G. 1995  Language, material culture and ethnicity: Theoretical perspectives. The Indo-Aryans in Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, edited by G. Erdosy, pp. 1-31.  W. DeGruyter, Berlin.  (EXTRACT -- Introduction & Conclusion, pp. 1-6 & 21-24;  complete article is in the Optional Reading folder.)

 

(5) Kennedy, Kenneth A. R.  2000.  God-Apes and Fossil Men.  Paleoanthropology in South Asia.  University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.  (EXTRACT -- "Where Did All the Races Go?," pp. 358-380.  Complete volume is on reserve.)

 

 

Nov. 7: Second Integration Era (Late Iron Age/Early Historic):  Gangetic Valley

      Urbanization; Buddhism & Long-distance Trade; Mauryan Empire

 

(1) Kenoyer, J. M.  nd. Ancient South Asia manuscript, pp. 39, 34 

 

(2) Smith, Monica.  2006.  The archaeology of South Asian cities.  Journal of Archaeological Research 14(2):97-142.   Read only pp. 116-124 for today -- article is in Oct. 17 folder.

 

(3) Allchin, F.R. 1995.  The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia.  The Emergence of Cities and States.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.  (EXTRACT -- pp. 329-335 and pp. 113-122, section by G. Erdosy, "City States of North India & Pakistan".  Complete volume is on reserve.)

 

(4) Khandwalla, Kalini P.  2002. Evolution of Settlement Types, Material Culture, and Urbanism in Early Historic Period Phase II Gujarat, Western India.  Man and Environment 27(2): 69-80.

 

(5) Barnes, Gina.  1995. An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology.  World Archaeology 27(2):165-182.  (only need to read pp. 165-175 + photo p. 176).

 

(6) Shaw, Julia.  2000.  Sanchi and its Archaeological Landscape: Buddhist Monasteries, Settlements and Irrigation Works in Central India.  Antiquity 74(286):775-776.

 

 

Nov. 14:  Late Iron Age/Early Historic continued (3rd c BCE-7/8th c CE): Contacts

     with West and East -- Traders, Invaders, Pilgrims; Gupta Empire

 

(1) Kenoyer, J. M.  nd. Ancient South Asia manuscript, pp. 39-45  & review (focusing on South India):  pp. 3 (Megalithic), 14-15 (Megalithic), 34 (Regionalization). 

 

(2) Allchin, F.R. 1995.  The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia.  The Emergence of Cities and States.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (EXTRACT Ðpp. 274-281, section by D.K. Chakrabarti, "Post-Mauryan States of Mainland South Asia, c. BC 185 - AD 320";  use maps for reference for other readings; focus on main points, don't worry about individual ruler's names. Re-read p. 334-335 (Empire) from last week. Complete volume is on reserve.)

 

(3) Stein, Burton.  1998. A History of India.  Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.  (EXTRACT -- pp. 90-100 "Age of Early Empires" to end of "The Gupta Classical Pattern"  & maps, pp. 42-43; use maps for reference for other readings also. Complete volume is on reserve.)

 

(4) Abraham, Shinu Anna.  2003.  Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India  Asian Perspectives 42(2):207-223.

 

(5) Bellina, Berenice.  2003.  Beads, social change and interaction between India and South-east Asia.  Antiquity 77(296):285-297.

 

 

Nov. 21:  Early Medieval Period (7-14th c CE):  Regionalization & Urbanization; 

     Joining the Islamic World

 

(1) Stein, Burton.  1998.  A History of India.  Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. (EXTRACT --  pp. 116-129 "Medieval Kingdoms" & see maps, pp. 108-110; use maps for reference for other readings also.  Complete volume is on reserve.)

 

(2) Whitfield, Susan.  1999.  Life Along the Silk Route.  John Murray, London.  (EXTRACT -- pp. 6-7 for a short sketch of changing trade routes and political events during this period.)

 

(3) Wink, Andre. 1990. Al-Hind.  The Making of the Indo-Islamic World.  Volume I:  Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries.  E.J. Brill, Leiden.  (EXTRACT -- read p. 1-24, especially pp. 1-4 & 20-24.  This extract is supplied to give you a glimpse of the integrated Muslim world system, and South Asia's part in it.)

 

(4) Smith, Monica.  2006.  The archaeology of South Asian cities.  Journal of Archaeological Research 14(2):97-142.   Finish; pp. 124-142 Ð article is in Oct. 17 folder.

 

(5) Mate, M.S.  1983.  Daulatabad:  Road to Islamic Archaeology in India.  World Archaeology 14(3):335-341. 

 

 

Nov. 28:  Empires of Medieval South Asia (14-18th c CE):  The Deccani Sultanates

        & Vijayanagara;  Mughals; Successor States & Europeans

 

(1) Sinopoli, C.M. and K.D. Morrison. 1995. Dimensions of Imperial Control: The Vijayanagara Capital.  American Anthropologist 97:83-96.

 

(2) Sinopoli, C. M. 1994. Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals.  In Landscapes of Power, edited by K.D. Morrison.  Special Issue of Asian Perspectives  33:293-308.

 

(3) Habib, Irfan.  2002.  The Economy.  In The Magnificent Mughals, edited by Z. Ziad, pp. 269-280.  Oxford University Press, Oxford.

 

(4) Lewis, Barry, & Channabasappa S. Patil.  2003.  Chitradurga: Spatial Patterns of a Nayaka Period Successor State in South India.  Asian Perspectives 42(2):267-286.

 

 

Dec. 5:  Study for Exam