Geography Courses

GGR111H5 - Human Geography (SSc)
The course introduces human geography through an exploration of the evolution of geography to modern traditions, the measurement of geographic space and phenomena and the spatial interactions of people with the environment. Students gain an understanding of geographic principles through lectures and course material and develop fieldwork skills through practical sessions and field exercises. [24L, 12P]
Exclusions: GGR117Y

GGR112H5 - Physical Geography (SCI)
This physical geography course introduces earth systems processes occurring in and between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and the biosphere. It addresses human interaction and interference with the natural environment and compares natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. Key tools used to understand earth systems and the natural environment including hands-on empirical approaches, systems models, remote sensing, and geographical information systems are addressed in both the lectures and the practical sessions. [24L, 12P]
Exclusions: GGR117Y5

GGR202H5 - Where in Canada? (SSc)
Canada continues to be one of the world's great storehouses of basic resources: fish, wood, minerals, grains, livestock, water, recreational space and more. Human impact, to the point of extinction, has varied across the country. The geography of regional change in Canada, over several centuries, is basic to this social science course. [24L, 12T]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ ENV100Y5/4.0 credits
Exclusions: GGR228Y5

GGR207H5 - Cities, Urbanization and Development (SSc)
This course will introduce students to urban social processes, urban form and urban history. A particular emphasis will be placed on global urbanization, internal spatial and social structure of cities, as well as past and contemporary urban problems. [24L]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits

GGR208H5 - Places and People (SSc)
This course examines the link between people and places from a global perspective. The course will cover topics related to population patterns and processes, geographic theories related to population and sustainability, as well as the tools used by geographers to study population size, composition and migration. [24L]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits
Exclusions: GGR255H5

GGR209H5 - People, Money and Places (SSc)
This course uses economic principles and geographical analysis in order to understand the global economic map of the early 21st century. Topics covered include transnational corporations, state policies, new technologies, trade agreements and inequalities. [24L]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits

GGR214H5 - Global Weather and Climate (SCI)
The climates of the globe are created from the kinds of weather systems which usually occur. This course surveys the weather systems of the globe and the geography which helps to transform them into regional climates. It uses just enough physics to show you how it all works and how we can make informed assessments about ideas on climatic change. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits
Exclusions: GGR217Y5

GGR217H5 - Fundamentals of Hydrology (SCI)
Hydrology is the study of the quantity, quality, storage, and transfer of the world's freshwater. The presence of water on and in the continents and atmosphere sustains the terrestrial biosphere, including human life. This course focuses on the central concepts of hydrology by taking a systems approach to the movement and storage of water on and in a watershed. Based on the framework of the water cycle, the course emphasizes the physical processes that control the stores and transfers of water and energy in the Earth system. This course serves as a gateway to the more advanced treatment of hydrology in upper levels, as well as providing a solid understanding of the fundamentals of the science of water for students in other streams of physical geography, environmental science, earth science, and biology. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits
Exclusions: GGR217Y5

GGR227H5 - Ecosystems and Environmental Change (SCI)
This course introduces the rapidly advancing fields of ecosystem science through the exploration of how ecosystems respond to climate change, pollution, and intensive natural resource management. The impacts from anthropogenic stressors on ecosystem functioning are often complex, with interactions occurring among plants, microorganisms, and physical and chemical environments. Empirical and modelling approaches are explored as they allow us to understand and predict ecosystem functioning and the linkages and feedbacks with changing environments. Lecture topics and case studies focus primarily on important representative Canadian ecosystems that also play vital roles in the resource sector including forests, agricultural land, wetlands and aquatic ecosystems. [36L]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits/P.I.

GGR234H5 - Environmental and Resource Management (SSc)
Course code has been changed to ENV201H5.

GGR252H5 - Marketing Geography (SSc)
The problem of retail location. The spatial structure of consumer demand and retail facilities. Shopping centres and retail chains. Techniques for site selection and trade area evaluation, location strategies, retail planning. [24L]

GGR276H5 - Spatial Data Analysis and Mapping (SCI)
Introduction to the study of geographical phenomena using descriptive and inferential statistics. Fundamentals of geographic data and statistical problem solving using non-spatial and spatial descriptive statistics. Decision making using evidence gathered from inferential statistical analysis. Graphical summary, geographic visualization and mapping of analytical results. Application of state of the art software for statistical analysis. Provides background for future studies in geographic information systems and advanced statistical analysis. The course strikes a balance between developing an understanding of core non-spatial and spatial statistical concepts, while demonstrating technical proficiency in the application of software to the study of geographical questions. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: 1.0 FCE from GGR117Y or ENV100Y or 4.0 Credits

GGR277H5 - Social Research Methods (SSc)
This course introduces students to the key approaches that social scientists use to answer important questions and solve complex problems relating to the social world. It addresses the philosophies, theories and methods associated with social research. Specific methods and issues that will be covered include; archival research, surveys, interviews, focus groups, ethics, as well as qualitative and quantitative data analysis and interpretation. Throughout the course students will work through the process of designing their own independent research proposals and will gain experience with basic survey and interview data analysis and interpretation. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits

GGR278H5 - Geographical Information Systems (SCI)
Introduction to models of representation and management of geographical data for scientific analysis. Basic quantitative methods and techniques for geographic data analysis, including collection, manipulation, description and interpretation. Practical exercises using GIS and statistical software packages with examples drawn from both physical and human geography. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits
Exclusions: GGR261H5

GGR287H5 - Food and Globalization (SSc)
A broad overview of the historical development of the global food economy and a survey of recent trends and controversies. Topics discussed range from basic food staples, food markets and trade liberalization to food security, environmental sustainability and alternative agricultural systems. [24L]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits

GGR288H5 - World Fresh Water Resources (SSc)
World geography of freshwater resources. Ethics and international principles of human water rights. Uses and abuses of accessible freshwater stocks and wastewater. Case studies of ground water, lakes and rivers (focus: Great Lakes; international watersheds), dams and diversions, water reclamation and reuse. Issues of water quality and quantity for health, and for food production. [24L]
Prerequisites: GGR112H5/ENV100Y5/4.0 credits
Exclusions: cannot take GGR288H5 + GGR348H5 simultaneously

GGR305H5 - Biogeography (SCI)
Analysis of past and present plant and animal distributions, and of the environmental and biological constraints involved. The course emphasizes the impact of continental drift, Quaternary climatic changes and human interference on contemporary patterns. [24L]

GGR307H5 - Environmental Soil Science (SCI)
Soils play critical roles in sustaining life. They support plants and agriculture, serve as home to a plethora of organisms, recycle organic matter and nutrients, provide materials for construction, art, and medicine, preserve paleoecological and archaeological records, regulate global climate through the exchange of greenhouse gasses, and filter contaminants in water and waste. This course introduces fundamentals of soil formation, physical, chemical and biological characteristics, and classification schemes. It explores the role of, and how humans interact with, soils in Canadian forests, wetlands, agricultural systems, and industrial and urban settings. Aspects of carbon, nutrient, and pollutant biogeochemistry in soils are explored in detail. There is one optional day field trip. [24L, 36P]
Prerequisites: 8.0 credits complete in GGR, ENV, ANT, BIO and any science course with a laboratory component or P.I.

GGR309H5 - Wetland Ecosystems (SCI)
Wetlands are an integral part of our biosphere, playing fundamental roles in the modification of water quality, biodiversity, and the global carbon cycle. This course focuses on the classification, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and ecology of wetland systems. The latter part of the course builds on this physical foundation by introducing management issues associated with wetland preservation, restoration and creation. [24L, 36P]
Prerequisites: 8.0 credits in GGR, ENV or any SCI programs.

GGR311H5 - Landscape Biogeography (SCI)
A geographical, multi-scale perspective on the relationships between land cover change and the distribution, movement, dispersal, abundance, and diversity of avian and mammalian species. Landscape measures such as dominance, contagion, shape, patch/edge measures, connectivity will be considered in relation to land use/land cover change and distribution of selected species. The juxtaposition of cover types will be analyzed and changes in landscapes related to selected species. Various research methods are discussed and work is done using, geographic information systems to analyze landscapes in conjunction with bird and mammal count data. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR305H5/BIO205H5/P.I.
Exclusions: GGR310H5

GGR312H5 - Landscape Ecology of Animal Populations (SCI)
A companion course to GGR311H5, further investigating the principles governing the distribution and success of animal populations in landscaptes. Topics include microhabitat selection, home range use, scale-dependent foraging theory, dispersal, genetic structure of populations, cyclic populations, metapopulation dynamics, colonization and extinction, and implications for conservation biology. [24L, 18T]
Prerequisites: BIO205H5 and P.I.
Exclusions: JBG312H5
Recommended: GGR311H5

GGR313H5 - Sex and the City (SSc)
In this course students will be introduced to approaches in social geography that examine the links between gender and urban environments. Specific topics and issues to be covered include, for example, poverty, work, sex trade, human trafficking and safety. Topics will be explored across multiple scales including bodies, home, neighbourhood and community. [24L, 12T]
Prerequisites: 8.0 credits
Recommended: GGR277H5/278H5

GGR315H5 - Physical Hydrology (SCI)
This course centres on the advanced treatment of the physical principles involved in the occurrence and movement of water on and beneath the Earth's surface. Watershed-scale hydrologic systems are investigated, along with basic principles of fluid mechanics. Open channel hydraulics, soil water, and groundwater processes are investigated. The importance of understanding water movement in the environment by exploring the relationship of hydrology to other environmental sciences is stressed. [24L, 36P]
Prerequisites: GGR214H5/217H5

GGR316H5 - Landforms (SCI)
Systems approach to hillslope geomorphology studies; processes of erosion and deposition; mass wasting; slope forms of humid and arid regions; process-response models; applied aspects. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR214H5/217H5, 227H5

GGR317H5 - Glaciers (SCI)
The classical tradition in glaciology is to relate the physics of glacier flow to the annual gains and losses of snow and ice over the glacier area. In this course, we explore an evolving modern tradition, in which the emphasis is to relate changing snow and ice conditions to glacier hydrology, its contribution to local water supply and how all this relates to climate change. Research skills are developed in assignments, one of which includes the option to visit a glacier research site. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR214H5/217H5/227H5/P.I.

GGR321H5 - Geographic Information Processing (SCI)
Problem solving using geographic information systems (GIS). Essential distributed computing aspects of GIS are presented. Among topics covered are the use of logic in spatial analysis, line-of-sight analysis, route selection, site selection, and landscape analysis. Hands-on assignments are emphasized. [12L, 24P]
Prerequisites: GGR278H5
Recommended: GGR311H5

GGR325H5 - Economic Geography (SSc)
Modern theoretical spatial economics. Land use theory, central place theory, locational analysis, and transport processes. Planning and policy questions. [24L]
Prerequisites: Any 8.0 credits

GGR329H5 - Environment and the Roots of Globalization (SSc)
A critical discussion of how geographical factors, such as landscape, flora and fauna, might help explain why history unfolded differently on different continents. How geography might have impacted the development of agriculture, complex technologies, writing, centralized government and how, in the process, it has shaped the current world economic map. [24L]
Prerequisites: Any 8.0 credits
Exclusions: GGR489H5 in 2005-2006

GGR333H5 - Energy and Society (SSc)
A broad survey of humankind's ability to control and manipulate energy. Forms of energy and use; energy eras and transitions; past and present economic and policy debates. Understanding of technical terms, physical principles, creation of resources and trade-offs will be emphasized as a basis for discussions about current energy options. [24L]
Prerequisites: Any 8.0 credits
Recommended: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5

GGR337H5 - Environmental Remote Sensing (SCI)
This introductory course emphasizes mastering fundamental remote sensing concepts and utilizing remotely sensed data for monitoring land resources and environmental change. Topics include surface-energy interactions, sensor systems, image interpretation, and applications for examining soil, vegetation and water resources. Upon completion of this course, students should have the necessary knowledge and skills to pursue more advanced work in digital image processing and remote sensing applications. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: 0.5 credit from (GGR214H5/217H5/227H5), 0.5 credit from (GGR276H5/278H5)

GGR338H5 - Environmental Modeling (SCI)
An application of environmental models to contemporary problems of decision-making. The course demonstrates the relevance of techniques of data management (statistics, computer systems) to issues facing Canada and the global community. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: Any 8.0 credits, including GGR276H5; a course in Statistics recommended.
Exclusions: GGR335H5

GGR345H5 - Environmental Issues in the Developing World (SSc)
The Earth is one, but the world is not. We all depend on one biosphere for sustaining our lives. Yet each community, each country, strives for survival and prosperity with little regard for its impact on others. These are the opening words from the report of the UN World Commission on Environment and Development, which first popularized the concept of sustainable development. In this course we examine 'environment' and 'development' as inseparable challenges. We consider global, regional, and local environmental problems from the perspectives of developing nations, and investigate the economic, social, and political roots of these problems. [24L, 12T]
Prerequisites: Any 8.0 credits

GGR348H5 - The Great Lakes - A Sustainable Natural Resource? (SSc)
This course will provide students with a history of the biophysical evolution of the Great Lakes Basin, its history of human population growth and industrial and urban development and the consequences of that development on the ecological health of the Basin. There will be a discussion of basic lake ecology, with emphasis on the unique characteristics of the Great Lakes. The course will examine the various stresses past, present and future (climate change, new chemicals) that have or could impact upon the Basin. The complex governance issues in the Basin (two countries, eight states, one province, hundreds of municipalities, First Nations) will be considered, along with the management programs put in place to deal with the effects of human activity on the ecosystem. The sustainability of the Great Lakes basin will also be discussed in the context of present and future stresses. [24L]
Prerequisites: ENV201H5 or GGR288H5 or GGR217H5

GGR349H5 - Cities in Transition (SSc)
The internal geography of contemporary cities is in the midst of a series of transitions related to new settlement patterns, immigration, workplace location, transportation and communication technologies, globalization, and shifts in urban governance. This course will examine these transitions and their effects on the social and political geography of the city. Themes include gentrification, spatial mismatch, concentrated poverty, political fragmentation, and the emergence of new urban forms and of the post-modern city. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y/ENV100Y/GGR207H5/GGR361H5 or any 4.0 GGR Social Science credits

GGR353H5 - Geography of Health and Health Care (SSc)
This course provides an introduction to the geography of health and health care, emphasizing the links between health and place, and covers six broad thematic areas including the development of health geography as a sub-discipline, data collection/analysis, medical, social, and cultural models of health/illness, health systems delivery, and inequalities. [24L, 24T]
Prerequisites: Any 8.0 credits
Exclusions: GGR450H1, GGR451H1
Recommended: GGR117Y5, GGR277H5

GGR354H5 - The Young and the Restless: Geographies of Youth Development (SSc)
Youth is a critical period between childhood and adulthood. Events and experiences that occur during adolescence can have lifelong and often cumulative impacts on health and development including completing (or leaving) school, joining the workforce, engaging in delinquent or risky behaviours, sexual encounters, bearing children, volunteerism and civic involvement. This course challenges students to think about youth development through a geographical lens that examines links between youth and their local social and physical environments and broader socio-economic conditions. This course features an experiential learning component where students will engage in research projects on local issues affecting youth. [24L, 12T]
Prerequisites: Completion of 8.0 credits in GGR or other related disciplines or PI.
Exclusions: GGR489H5S offered in 2010 winter session

GGR361H5 - City Planning and Development (SSc)
This course outlines important concepts and historical milestones involved in the planning and development of cities. It involves examination of urban sprawl, urban intensification efforts, and of the evolution of urban form and the interplay of private and public forces that shape the built-form of Canadian cities. [24L, 12P].
Prerequisites: At least 8.0 credits

GGR365H5 - Trade and Globalization (SSc)
This course uses economic and geographical principles to help students understand the advent of the current period of globalization. In this context, globalization refers to international trade liberalization which results in increased contacts across borders, migration, trade, and investment. Topics covered will include the history of globalization, the environment, sweatshops, development and inequalities. By the end of the course, students should have gained a deeper understanding of current controversies surrounding international trade and globalization. [24L]

GGR367H5 - India and South Asia (SSc)
A regional survey of the physical, social and economic landscape of India and neighbouring states of South Asia, with special emphasis on current developments. Roots of ancient civilization, cultural divisions and the drive for national unity, colonial and post-colonial politics, international relations. Natural resources, population pressure, economic development, social change. [24L]
Prerequisites: Any 8.0 credits
Recommended: GGR207H5/208H5/209H5/228Y5/234H5

GGR369H5 - The Changing Geographies of Latin America (SSc)
A continental survey course that covers the contemporary social, cultural, environmental and economic landscape of Latin and Central America. Some of the themes addressed include the impact of trade and globalization on Latin American economies, the role of indigenous people in Latin American culture, urban development patterns and trends and emerging crises posed by the rapidly increasing environmental challenges facing Latin American nations. [24L]
Prerequisites: Prerequisite: Any 8.0 credits
Recommended: GGR207H5/208H5/209H5/234H5

GGR370H5 - Planes, Trains, and Automobiles: The Geography of Transportation (SSc)
Transportation is an integral aspect of our daily lives and plays a key role in shaping the economy and the environment. Through this course, students will explore the geography of transportation. Topics will include, mobility and accessibility, transportation networks and flows, Geographic Information Systems in Transport (GIS-T), planning and policy, environmental and human health impacts, and other current issues. [24L, 6P]
Prerequisites: one of GGR276H5, GGR277H5
Exclusions: GGR324H1
Recommended: This course includes a module focused on the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the study and management of transportation systems. As a result, students are strongly encouraged to take GGR278H5 Geographical Information Systems.

GGR372H5 - Geographical Analysis of Land Resources (SCI)
This course focuses on the nature of land resources information and its analysis. Emphasis is on use of geographic information systems to model and analyze a variety of land resources. Topics such as terrain analysis and interpolation will be covered. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: GGR276/GGR278 ,or equivalent with Permission of Instructor

GGR375H5 - Physical Environment of the City (SCI)
The physical structure of the city results in a distinctive local climate that is linked to air and water quality, as well as to energy use. A geographical information system is used to assemble physical information from which to model the urban climatic environment, taking the example of Mississauga. Particular emphasis is placed upon the role of field measurements and satellite data as sources of geographical information. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: 0.5 credit from GGR214H5/217H5/227H5 0.5 credit from GGR276H5/278H5

GGR377H5 - Global Climate Change (SCI)
The main focus of this course is upon the climatic aspects of environmental change which affect Great Lakes water levels, disappearing glaciers, sea level rise, desertification and dwindling water resources in an ever more populous world. These changes to the earth surface environment are explored in the context of themes and issues which were introduced in first year, with a view to answering an important question: whether policy action on climate change must wait for more science, or whether action is merely delayed by failure to appreciate science. [24L]
Prerequisites: GGR117Y5/ENV100Y5/8.0 credits
Exclusions: ENV377H5

GGR378H5 - Natural Hazards: Risks and Vulnerability (SSc SCI)
Earth is a dangerous place, and risk is an inherent feature of life on this planet. Some of the events and processes that we call "hazardous," such as floods, cyclones, coastal erosion, locust infestations, and forest fires, are natural environmental processes. We define them as hazards only when they pose a threat to human interests. In this course, we will examine both natural and technological hazards - their causes, their potential impacts on people, and their management and mitigation. [24L]
Prerequisites: Any 8.0 credits

GGR379H5 - Field Methods in Physical Geography (SCI)
This course is structured around one major field trip that will occur before fall-term courses begin, preparatory work, and approximately bi-weekly course meetings during the regular academic term to complete complementary work in computer and/or wet laboratories. Field projects will involve analyses and mapping of vegetation, soils, aquatic systems, hydrology, and/or geomorphology, and subsequent data analysis. Students will be required to write one major research paper and present projects to the class. Each student is required to pay the costs of his/her transportation and accommodation. Students must register on ROSI, on a first-come first-serve and non-refundable deposit basis. The deposit must be received by the Department within one week from the first day of enrollment or the student will be dropped automatically from the course. Students should contact the Department to find out more details about the specific fieldtrip plans.
Prerequisites: Any 3.0 courses drawn from one or more of the following : Physical Geography, Earth Sciences and Biology or PI.

GGR380H5 - Communicating with Maps (SSc)
Cartographic positivism. Myth and meaning in maps. Cognitive cartographic theory, cartographic ethics and map use and misuse in the mass media. The political and social discourse in maps is diffused through cartographic criticism, which includes the application of graphic logic and design principles, and through an understanding of external and internal power relations in maps. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: Any 5.0 credits from Geography or CCIT

GGR381H5 - Maps and Empire in the New World, 1500-1800 (SSc)
This course focuses on the use of maps in European expansion across the Atlantic in the early modern era. It examines connections between cartography, political power and empire across four areas: the formation of the European nation state, the tentative beginnings of European transatlantic imperial expansion, the settling of boundary disputes in the New World, and the conflicts and interactions between European and Amerindians that occurred because of and through mapmaking practices. (24L)
Prerequisites: 8.0 credits
Exclusions: GGR489H5F offered in 20109

GGR389H5 - Field Studies in Human Geography (SSc)
This course will provide students with a first-hand exposure to the social, urban, historical and cultural geography of a North American city. During a 5-7 day stay in a city, students will apply basic field methods, such as observation and field note taking, to gain an in-depth understanding of the landscape and build environment. Students will participate in collecting primary observational data as well as gathering information gleaned from guided tours, lectures and group discussion. Prerequisite: 3rd-year standing in GGR (Arts) Specialist Program or ENV Specialist Management or permission of the Instructor, plus application and interview. Admission to course will be through application due by March 15. The student's application must be submitted to Sabrina Ferrari and must include a current transcript, a current curriculum vita, and a letter of application explaining why their qualifications and interest make them suitable candidates for this field course opportunity. Applicants who meet minimum criteria will be selected for an interview. Acceptance will be based on a combination of GPA, experience, qualifications and interview performance. There is a nonrefundable fee associated with this course of $X, beyond summer tuition for the course, for which the accepted students are responsible.
Prerequisites: At least 8.0 credits, of which 3.0 or more should be in GGR courses/ P.I.

GGR393H5 - Methods of Environmental Assessment (SSc)
Course number has changed to ENV393H5.

GGR399Y5 - Research Opportunity Program (SSc SCI)
This course provides senior undergraduate students who have developed knowledge of geography and have studied its research methods the chance to work as part of a research team, under the direction of a professor, in exchange for course credit. Students have the opportunity to be involved in original research, enhance their research skills and participate in the excitement and discovery of facilitating new knowledge. Project descriptions for participating faculty members for the following summer and fall/winter semesters are posted on the ROP website (www.utm.utoronto.ca/428.0.html) in mid-February and students are invited to apply at that time. [24P]
Prerequisites: 1.0 credit from GGR276H5, 277H5, 278H5
Recommended: Minimum of 8.0 credits

GGR406H5 - Advanced Biogeochemistry (SCI)
Biogeochemistry explores the intersection of biological, chemical, and geological processes that shape the environment. In an era of unprecedented human-induced environmental and climate change, research in this field is advancing rapidly. This seminar course explores the processes underlying biogeochemical cycles and examines how humans alter these cycles. Topics include microbial and plant-mediated carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, controls on greenhouse gas fluxes and climate change mitigation strategies in soils, the role of biological diversity in biogeochemical processes, and exploration into how new molecular and isotope techniques are improving the study of biogeochemical processes. [36S]
Prerequisites: 4th year standing in GGR, ENV, or P.I.

GGR407H5 - Ecohydrology (SCI)
Ecohydrology explores the feedbacks between biological, hydrological and biogeochemical processes that help shape ecosystem form and function. These feedbacks are central to the regulation of the global climate and water resources. With pronounced and rapid human modification to the landscape and climate system this field of study is increasingly relevant to formulate mitigation strategies. This seminar and research course explores the feedback processes most crucial to climate change and water resources. Topics include ecosystem control on the water balance, the role of peatlands in ameliorating climate change, hydrologic controls on species diversity, and the role of the watershed in mitigating human pollutants. Students are expected to conduct independent and collaborative study. [24S, 36P]
Prerequisites: GGR315H5 or GGR217H5 and one of GGR305H5/307H5/309H5/BIO311H5/BIO330H5

GGR410Y5 - Human Geography Internship (SSc)
Through a part-time, unpaid work placement, students apply the knowledge and expertise gained through previous course work in geography. Placements may be made in a range of settings. For example, placements may include municipal government, regional government, neighbourhood organizations and centres, corporations as well as with non-governmental organizations. Admission to course will be through application due by March 1. The student's application must include a current transcript, a current curriculum vita, and a letter of application explaining why their qualifications and interest make them suitable candidates for an internship opportunity. Applicants who meet minimum criteria will be selected for an interview. Acceptance will be based on a combination of GPA, experience, qualifications and interview performance.
Prerequisites: Fourth-year standing, PI

GGR417Y5 - Honours Thesis (SSc SCI)
This course is designed to give students experience in the design and execution of an independent senior thesis under the supervision of a faculty member. In order to register in the course, students must complete and submit an application form to the Department of Geography by March 31 of the preceding year. [24P]
Prerequisites: Completion of 3rd-year requirements for the Specialist program in GGR Arts and Science.

GGR418H5 - Global Political Geography (SSc)
Political geography is concerned with the spatial expression of political entities and events. It involves analysis at a variety of scales ranging from the local to the global. The control and manipulation of territory and the imposition of political boundaries are central to this analysis. The course adopts an historical approach to explore nation building, the State, colonisation and decolonisation, and builds toward a discussion of current geopolitical theory, concepts of hegemony and world order. [24L]
Prerequisites: Completion of 3rd year requirements for GGR Specialist or Major Arts programs including any two of GGR208H5, GGR361H5 or GGR365H5.
Exclusions: GGR439H1

GGR419H5 - Geography of Food: Geographical Patterns and Environmental Impacts (SSc)
This seminar course examines the geographic patterns and environmental impacts of our food production and distribution system. Topics include the sustainability of the current system, as well as alternatives to the norm. The geographic focus is Southern Ontario. Topics such as food miles, urban agriculture, and small scale production systems are also evaluated. [24S] (This is a cross-listing course as ENV420H5)
Prerequisites: Completion of 3rd-year requirements for any Specialist or Major program in ENV or GGR or P.I.
Exclusions: ENV420H5; GGR489H5F offered in 2009-2010
Recommended: GGR287H5

GGR463H5 - Geographic Information Analysis and Processing (SCI)
Emphasis will be on both the analysis and processing of geographic information using open source software. Topics from geographic information science will be presented. Extensive hands-on experience with spatially explicit simulation models, fuzzy techniques, statistical analysis, and programming tools. [12L/24P)
Prerequisites: GGR321H5

GGR464H5 - Advanced Remote Sensing (SCI)
This course builds on the fundamental remote sensing concepts, techniques, and applications introduced in GGR 337, and aims to provide an advanced study of digital image processing and remote sensing applications. Topics include image pre-processing and calibration, spectral data transformation, image enhancement, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, hyperspectral image analysis, and change detection. Students will apply these advanced remote sensing techniques in practical lab exercises and a term project. [12L, 24P]
Prerequisites: GGR337 or PI

GGR479H5 - Special Topics in Physical Geography (SCI)
An advanced seminar dealing with topics in physical geography, to be selected according to staff and student interests. [24P]
Prerequisites: P.I.

GGR488H5 - Geostatistics (SCI)
Accuracy of spatial databases. Advanced error models of geographic data. Uncertainty. Spatial variability, sampling and estimation. Map comparison, interpolation, simulation. Applications in environmental and social sciences. [24L, 12P]
Prerequisites: 0.5 credit STA course at 200+ level; 1.0 credit 300+ level courses in GGR

GGR489H5 - Special Topics in Human Geography (SSc)
An advanced seminar dealing with topics in human geography, to be selected according to staff and student interests. [24P]
Prerequisites: P.I.

GGR493H5 - Special Topics in Environmental Management (SSc)
An exploration of theories, research techniques and policy options relevant to the understanding and solution of environmental issues such as sustainable development, risk management and environmental assessment. [24L]
Prerequisites: 5.0 courses from the Environmental Management Major

GGR494H5 - Special Topics in GIS (SCI)
(Formerly GGR394H5) Studies of selected topics in Geographic Information Systems not covered in regular courses.
Prerequisites: P.I.
Exclusions: GGR394H5